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Extreme Event Attribution

This category encompasses research aimed at understanding how human-induced changes in the global climate system affect the probability, severity, and other characteristics of extreme events such as hurricanes and heat waves.

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Climate change attribution and legal contexts: evidence and the role of storylines

August 2021
Elisabeth A. Lloyd & Theodore G. Shepherd
Climatic Change
This article assesses the storyline approach to attribution and argues that the storyline approach aligns well with the concept of legal evidence. Read More →

WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019)

January 2021
World Meteorological Organization
World Meteorological Organization
An overview of impacts from weather, climate, and water extremes globally from 1970 to 2019, with a section on climate change attribution.Read More →

State of the Climate in Africa 2020

January 2021
World Meteorological Organization
World Meteorological Organization
This report summarizes climate trends, observed high-impact events, and associated risks and impacts on key sensitive sectors in Africa during the year 2020.Read More →

2021 Vermont Climate Assessment

January 2021
The University of Vermont, The Nature Conservatory
The University of Vermont, The Nature Conservatory
This assessment provides a framework for understanding climate change impacts in Vermont.Read More →

Challenges to Understanding Extreme Weather Changes in Lower Income Countries

October 2020
Friederike E. L. Otto, Luke Harrington, Katharina Schmitt, Sjoukje Philip, Sarah Kew, Geert Jan van Oldenborgh, Roop Singh, Joyce Kimutai, and Piotr Wolski
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
This article outlines six focus areas to lessen barriers to understanding extreme weather changes in lower income countries.Read More →

Detection of a Climate Change Signal in Extreme Heat, Heat Stress, and Cold in Europe From Observations

July 2019
Ruth Lorenz, Zélie Stalhandske, Erich M. Fischer
Geophysical Research Letters
This study connects climate change with increases in extreme heat and decreases in extreme cold across Europe.Read More →

2017 Montana Climate Assessment

September 2017
Cathy Whitlock, Wyatt F. Cross, Bruce Maxwell, Nick Silverman, and Alisa A. Wade
Montana Climate Assessment
This assessment reports on climate trends and their consequences for three of Montana’s vital sectors: water, forests, and agriculture.Read More →

Storyline-Based Climate Attribution Reveals Strong Intensification of 2018–2022 Multi-Year Droughts in Europe

March 2026
Ray Kettaren, Antonio Sánchez-Benítez, Helge Goessling, Marylou Athanase, Rohini Kumar, Luis Samaniego, Oldrich Rakovec
Earth's Future
This peer-reviewed study evaluated the 2018-2022 European drought by applying a storyline attribution framework, finding that higher warming levels intensify the severity and geographic scope of droughts.Read More →

Systematic Attribution of Heatwaves to the Emissions of Carbon Majors

September 2025
Yann Quilcaille et al.
Nature
This study finds that climate change contributed to the intensification and likelihood of 213 heatwaves between 2000 and 2023, and 180 carbon majors substantially contributed to that.Read More →

Methodological Considerations in Climate Attribution: Disparities in Representing the Impact of Climate Change during the 2020–21 Record Breaking Western United States Drought

July 2025
Sara Graves, Benjamin Bass, Stefan Rahimi, and Alex Hall
Journal of Climate
This peer-reviewed study evaluated methodologies and complexity of modeling drought in the Western United States and the impact of climate change.Read More →

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